Two cases of Lophomonas blattarum infection combined with paragonimiasis and literature review / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment methods of Lophomonas blattarum infection combined with paragonimiasis in children, and improve pediatricians' understanding of the disease. Methods:The clinical data of two children with Lophomonas blattarum infection combined with paragonimiasis who received treatment in the Department of Pediatrics of The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province were retrospectively analyzed. Children's clinical manifestation and diagnosis and treatment were analyzed. Relative literature was reviewed. Results:Case 1 had the onset of gastrointestinal symptoms. Case 2 had the onset of headache and liver dysfunction. Routine blood tests showed elevated eosinophils two cases and sputum examination results revealed the presence of live eggs of Lophomonas blattarum and paragonimiasis in two cases. Fecal roundworm eggs were also detected in case 1. Follow-up results showed that both cases were cured after treatment with metronidazole injection and praziquantel tablets. Conclusion:Lophomonas blattarum infection is a relatively rare opportunistic infection. Paragonimiasis is a natural parasitic disease that affects both humans and animals. Mixed infection of the two pathogens is rare. We hope that the findings from this paper will broaden clinical physicians' thoughts and guide clinical practice.

Análisis retrospectivo de un protozoo emergente en México: Blastocystis spp

Blastocystis spp. es el protista intracelular que en los últimos años ha infectado a más de mil millones de personas a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, el aumento en la prevalencia en México y su potencial patógeno son inciertos, por lo que este microorganismo aún se encuentra bajo investigación. Principalmente a nivel pediátrico, la blastocistosis es estudiada con mayor atención, debido a que destaca sobre otros agentes en diversos estudios realizados mundialmente y en México. El objetivo de este trabajo fue mediante revisión bibliográfica, evidenciar la frecuencia y su transición parasitaria como el agente más prevalente en la actualidad, pese a que no se asocia a sintomatología clínica.

Blastocystis spp. is the intracellular protist that in recent years has infected more than a billion people worldwide. However, the increase in prevalence in Mexico and its pathogenic potential are uncertain, so this microorganism is still under investigation. Mainly at the pediatric level, blastocystosis is studied with greater attention, due to the fact that it stands out over other agents in various studies carried out worldwide and in Mexico. The objective of this work was to show the frequency and its parasitic transition as the most prevalent agent today through a bibliographic review, despite the fact that it is not associated with clinical symptoms.

Use of laboratory methodologies to confirm an outbreak of acute diarrheal disease caused by multiple pathogens / Uso de metodologias laboratoriais para confirmação de surto de doença diarreica aguda causada por múltiplos patógenos

The aim of this study was to investigate an outbreak caused by protozoa, which occurred in a municipality in the Brazil southern region. The investigations were carried out analyzing 47 fresh stool samples and 26 water samples by parasitological and molecular methods, as well as, direct immunofluorescence. After the filtrations of water samples and purification of stool samples, the concentrates were evaluated microscopically for presence of parasites. Molecular analyses were performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for DNA detection of Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium parvum, C. hominis and Cyclospora cayetanensis. Out of 26 water samples, 30.8% (8/26) had waterborne protozoa and C. cayetanensis was the most prevalent (15.5%). Out of the 47 stool samples, 23.4% (11/47) were infected with C. cayetanensis and Giardia spp. The results showed that backwash water samples from filters of the Water Treatment Station were contaminated with C. cayetanensis, C. hominis and Giardia spp., suggesting the contamination of water sources with human waste brought by sewage. These results show the importance of protozoa investigation in water and stool samples by laboratory methodologies principally in outbreaks causing acute diarrheal disease (AU).

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar um surto causado por protozoários, ocorrido em um município da região sul do Brasil. As investigações foram realizadas analisando 47 amostras de fezes frescas e 26 amostras de água por métodos parasitológicos, moleculares e de imunofluorscência direta. Após as filtrações das amostras de água e purificação das amostras de fezes, os concentrados foram avaliados microscopicamente a procura de parasitas. A seguir, foram analisadas, pela reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), a detecção de DNA de Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium parvum, C. hominis e Cyclospora cayetanensis. Das 26 amostras de água, 30,8% (8/26) apresentaram protozoários de veiculação hídrica, sendo que, C. cayetanensis foi o mais prevalente (15,5%). Das 47 amostras de fezes, 23,4% (11/47) estavam infectadas por C. cayetanensis e Giardia spp. Os resultados mostraram que as águas de retrolavagem dos filtros da Estação de Tratamento de Água estavam contaminadas com C. cayetanensis, C. hominis e Giardia spp. sugerindo a contaminação dos mananciais com dejetos humanos trazidos pelo esgoto. Estes resultados mostram a importância da investigação de protozoários em água e fezes por metodologias laboratoriais, principalmente em surtos que causam doença diarreica aguda (AU).

Frequency of intestinal protozoan infections diagnosed in patients from a clinical analysis laboratory

This study aimed to determine the frequency of infection by intestinal protozoa diagnosed in patients from a clinical analysis laboratory in Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil. This was a retrospective descriptive study, using a database of stool examination results from July to December 2015. The study population consisted of males and females of all ages, from the greater area of Alagoas. Data on epidemiological variables such as age and gender were obtained using a collection instrument. Protozoan species were identified from stool examinations. Results on the prevalence of intestinal parasites are described as simple and relative frequencies. We examined a total of 1277 stool samples, of which 12.69% were positive for one or more protozoa. 43.83% were from men and 56.17% were from women. Endolimax nana was the most prevalent (59.22%) protozoan species followed by Entamoeba coli (23.45%). Although non-pathogenic, they indicate fecal contamination of drinking water. The highest number (23.46%) of infected individuals was observed among children in the 0 to 11 years age group. A high prevalence (93.83%) of monoparasitism was noted. We concluded that there was a high frequency of infection and a high prevalence of E. nana. Infections were more common in women than in men. Our results emphasize the need for preventive measures to control intestinal parasitic infections.

Frequency of intestinal parasites in patients attended at a university hospital in Maceió, state of Alagoas, Brazil / Frequência de parasitos intestinais em pacientes atendidos em um hospital universitário em Maceió, estado de Alagoas, Brasil

The aim of this study was to analyze the parasitological tests of a population at a public hospital in Maceió-AL. A descriptive study was made between January and July of 2015 analyzing the parasitological tests of a population at a public hospital in Maceió-AL. Variables such as gender, age, positive tests, protozoan species, helminths species and parasitic associations were analyzed. Out of 1.581 tests, 806 (51%) tested positive. Regarding gender, 535 (67%) were from women. Helminths were the most predominant infections (63.94%), compared to protozoans (36.06%). The Helminths with the highest number of infections were: Ascaris lumbricoides (93.23%), Trichuris trichiura (2.32%) and Enterobius vermicularis (1.26%). Among protozoans, Endolimax nana and Entamoeba coli corresponded to78.09% and 15.91% respectively. Although non pathogenic, it suggests fecal contamination. According to the degree of parasitism, 84.0% were monoparasitism. It can be concluded that the number of positive tests for enteroparasites was high, mainly in men. The species A. lumbricoides was the main helminth detected, while E. nana was the main protozoan found in the tests. The age group between 24 and 59 years old was the one that had the highest amount of positive tests. The results observed strengthen the need for the implementation of prevention measures for intestinal parasitic infections.

Os estudos da ocorrência de parasitoses em laboratório são de grande relevância, pois os mesmos podem proporcionar informações necessárias no diagnóstico da infecção e avaliar o índice de infecção parasitária, principalmente dos países em desenvolvimento, constituindo um problema de saúde pública. Foram coletados dados de exames de fezes realizados no período de janeiro a julho de 2015 nos registros de exames coproparasitológicos de fezes, de um hospital universitário de Maceió-AL. Foram analisados 1.581 exames, realizados pelo método de Hoffmann, Pons e Janer. Foi possível verificar que 51% apresentaram positividade para um ou mais enteroparasitos, sendo 66% para o sexo feminino e 34% no sexo masculino. Predominaram-se as infecções causadas por helmintos, com 55%, seguido das infecções causadas por protozoários 45%. Os helmintos com maior frequência de detecção foram: Ascaris lumbricoides (50,14%), Trichuris trichiura (1,61%), Enterobius vermicularis (0,87%) e ancilostomídeos (0,87%). Dentre os protozoários, Endolimax nanae Entamoeba coli com 34,42% e 7,8% respectivamente, que embora comensais indiquem contaminação fecal. A faixa etária entre 6 e 11 anos apresentou maior número de indivíduos parasitados (2,1%). Quanto ao grau de parasitismo, houve uma predominância de 84% para monoparasitismo. Assim, conclui-se, que foi elevado o número positividade para enteroparasitos, com predominância de casos no gênero masculino. A espécie A. lumbricoides foi e helminto detectado, enquanto que, E. nana foi o principal protozoário. A faixa etária entre 6 a 11 anos foi a que apresentou maior número de casos positivos. Os resultados observados reforçam a necessidade da implantação de medidas de prevenção para as parasitoses intestinais.

Characterization of prenatal healthcare for implementation of congenital toxoplasmosis surveillance program: cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Prenatal toxoplasmosis remains a neglected disease worldwide and few government programs focusing on its prevention are available. Success in these programs has been extensively reported in the literature, yet the strategies used for their implementation, as a model for such actions in different communities, have not been described. OBJECTIVE: To describe the aspects of prenatal care strategies in 13 municipalities within the regional healthcare unit of Araçatuba, in the northwestern region of the state of São Paulo in 2017, focusing on congenital toxoplasmosis. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive study on prenatal healthcare within the Brazilian National Health System, in 13 participating municipalities. METHODS: Data on serological tests, referral clinics, notifications, healthcare strategies, health education and drugs for infected children were requested through a questionnaire that was sent via e-mail to people responsible for healthcare services in these municipalities. RESULTS: Major differences relating to diagnoses, reference outpatient clinics, notifications, health education and healthcare and drugs for infected children were reported among the prenatal strategies of these 13 municipal healthcare services. CONCLUSION: The lack of standardized prenatal strategy in the study area may compromise the prevention of infection. However, our identification of each aspect of prenatal care corroborates the need to implement a healthcare surveillance program relating to congenital toxoplasmosis.

Enteroparasitosis in patients attended by the health public service: epidemiology and spatial distribution / Enteroparasitoses em pacientes atendidos pelo serviço público de saúde: epidemiologia e distribuição espacial

Aims: This research aims to determine the epidemiology and the spatial distribution of intestinal parasitosis in the city of Teresina, Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out based on the data of parasitological fecal exams performed in the Laboratory Raul Bacelar between January, 2014 and July, 2017. In addition to the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis and polyparasitism, we verified the association of these diseases with gender, zone and period of the year by means of the chi-squared test, whereas the relation with age was analyzed by the Mann-Kendall tests and multiple comparisons of age classes. The spatial distribution was performed using the QGIS georeferencing software. Results: The prevalence of enteroparasitosis in Teresina was 17.8% with Ascaris lumbricoides being the most common species. The prevalence of individuals with polyparasitism was 3.1%, in which an association between the species Entamoeba coli and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar was found. There was no relation between intestinal parasitosis with gender, but we verified that individuals in rural areas were more susceptible to these diseases. The species Ascaris lumbricoides and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar occured more frequently in the first and second semester, respectively. We observed that there was an apparent tendency to increase cases of Entamoeba histolytica/dispar and reduction of cases of Giardia sp. according to aging. Mapping intestinal parasitosis showed us that there was a prevalence between 1 and 20% in most of Teresina's neighborhoods, and Ascariasis embodies at least 40% of cases of enteroparasitosis in these neighborhoods. Conclusions: Investments in basic sanitation and new epidemiological investigations must be carried out to control intestinal parasitosis in Teresina, emphasizing that children and the elderly should be considered priority groups in these programs

Objetivo: Determinar a epidemiologia e a distribuição espacial das parasitoses intestinais no município de Teresina, Brasil. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com base nos resultados dos exames parasitológicos de fezes executados no laboratório Raul Bacelar, entre janeiro de 2014 e julho de 2017. Além da prevalência de parasitoses intestinais e de poliparasitismo, verificou-se a associação destas doenças com sexo, zona e período do ano, por meio do teste do qui-quadrado, enquanto a relação com a idade foi analisada pelos testes de Mann-Kendall e comparações múltiplas de faixas etárias. A distribuição espacial foi realizada utilizando o software de georreferenciamento QGIS. Resultados: A prevalência de enteroparasitoses em Teresina foi de 17,8%, sendo Ascaris lumbricoides a espécie mais comum. A prevalência de indivíduos com poliparasitismo foi de 3,1%, na qual foi encontrada uma associação entre as espécies Entamoeba coli e Entamoeba histolytica/dispar. Não houve relação entre parasitoses intestinais e sexo, mas verificou-se que indivíduos na zona rural foram mais suscetíveis a essas doenças. As espécies Ascaris lumbricoides e Entamoeba histolytica/dispar ocorreram com maior frequência, respectivamente, no primeiro e no segundo semestre. Observou-se que houve aparente tendência de aumento de casos de E. histolytica/dispar e de redução de casos de Giardia sp. de acordo com o envelhecimento. O mapeamento das parasitoses intestinais demostrou que houve uma prevalência entre 1 e 20% na maioria dos bairros de Teresina, e a ascaridíase representou pelo menos 40% dos casos de enteroparasitose nesses bairros. Conclusões: Investimentos em saneamento básico e novas investigações epidemiológicas devem ser realizados para o controle das parasitoses intestinais em Teresina, enfatizando que crianças e idosos devem ser considerados grupos prioritários nessas ações.

Human leishmaniasis in Brazil: A general review / Leishmaniose humana no Brasil: uma revisão geral

Summary Leishmaniasis is a disease with ample clinical spectrum and epidemiological diversity and is considered a major public health problem. This article presents an overview of the transmission cycles, host-parasite interactions, clinical, histological and immunological aspects, diagnosis and treatment of various forms of the human disease.

Resumo A leishmaniose representa um complexo de doenças com amplo espectro clínico e diversidade epidemiológica, sendo considerada um grande problema de saúde pública. O presente artigo apresenta uma revisão geral sobre os ciclos de transmissão, as interações parasito-hospedeiro, os aspectos clínicos, histopatológicos e imunológicos, o diagnóstico e o tratamento das diversas formas da doença humana.

Prevalence and risk factors for intestinal parasite infections in schoolchildren, in the city of Santarém, Pará State, Brazil / Prevalência e fatores de risco para infecções por parasita intestinal em crianças de escolas na cidade de Santarém, estado do Pará, Brasil

INTRODUCTION: Intestinal parasites are common in children in poor countries around the world, and are the cause of serious health problems. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasites in schoolchildren in Santarém, and associated socio-environmental risk factors. METHODS: Questionnaires were applied to parents, and fecal exams were performed by direct method and sedimentation. RESULTS: The parasites that prevailed were Entamoeba coli (20.4%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (9.0%). The family income is an important factor related to parasitic infections (χ2=21.000/p=0.001). Other factors such as water treatment (χ2=20.15/p=0.002), health infrastructure (χ2=25.40/p=0.001), and hygiene practices such as hand washing (χ2=11.54/p=0.003) were statistically significant for the presence of intestinal parasites too, some on a lesser scale. CONCLUSION: The results showed that Entamoeba coli and Ascaris lumbricoides are the prevalent parasites. The Family income, water quality, and sanitary infrastructure are the main risk factors for parasitic infections.

INTRODUÇÃO: As parasitoses intestinais são comuns em crianças em países pobres pelo mundo, e são a causa de sérios problemas de saúde. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de parasitos intestinais em crianças de escolas em Santarém, e fatores de risco socioambientais associados. MÉTODOS: Foram aplicados questionários as famílias, e os exames de fezes foram realizados pelo método direto e sedimentação. RESULTADOS: Os parasitas que prevaleceram foram Entamoeba coli (20,4%) e Ascaris lumbricoides (9,0%). A renda familiar é um fator importante relacionado às infecções parasitárias (χ2=21.000/p=0.001). Outros fatores como o tratamento da água (χ2=20.15/p=0.002), infraestrutura de saúde (χ2=25.40/p=0.001), e práticas de higiene como lavagem das mãos (χ2=11.54/p=0.003) foram também estatisticamente significativos para a presença de parasitas intestinais, alguns em menor escala. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados mostraram que Entamoeba coli e Ascaris lumbricoides são os parasitos prevalentes. A renda familiar, qualidade da água, e infra-estrutura sanitária são os principais fatores de risco para infecções parasitárias.

Situación del parasitismo intestinal en preescolares de un hogar infantil estatal en Popayán, Colombia / Situation of intestinal parasitism in preschools of a state child's home in Popayan, Colombia

deficientes. Se describen prevalencias a nivel nacional de este mayores al 80%, con predominio de protozoos. Objetivo: describir la situación de parasitismo intestinal en preescolares de un hogar infantil estatal de Popayán (Colombia) y su relación con variables sociodemográficas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, entre mayo y septiembre de 2013, en 187 niños de 1 a 5 años de edad, matriculados en un hogar infantil estatal de Popayán (Colombia). Se realizó una encuesta sociodemográfica y análisis parasitológico de muestras de materia fecal mediante examen directo y método de concentración modificado de Ritchie-Frick. Se calcularon prevalencias, distribuciones de frecuencia y asociaciones de factores sociodemográficos con la presencia de parasitismo intestinal utilizando regresiones logísticas. Resultados: se identificó una prevalencia de parasitismo intestinal de 43,3%. La especie encontrada con mayor frecuencia fue Blastocystis spp. (24,6%), seguida por Entamoeba coli (13,4%) y Giardia intestinalis (11,8%). En ninguna de las muestras se observaron helmintos. Conclusiones: la prevalencia encontrada de parasitismo intestinal se aproxima al promedio nacional, de acuerdo con reportes para población preescolar en otros municipios del país. La ausencia de helmintos y el predominio de especies de protozoos respaldan la necesidad de futuras investigaciones que permitan conocer la epidemiología local. Además, se identificaron condiciones sociodemográficas de riesgo para infecciones en la población estudiada, algunas de ellas asociadas a la presencia de protozoos intestinales

Intestinal parasitism, generally asymptomatic problem but with important repercussions at socioeconomic and health field, mainly affects children with poor sanitary conditions. Their nationwide prevalence is higher than 80% with predominance of protozoa. Objective: To describe the situation of intestinal parasitism in preschools of a statechild's home in Popayan (Colombia) and its relationship with socio-demographic variables. Materials and methods: A cross - sectional descriptive study was carried out, between May and September 2013, with 187 children between 1 and 5 years of age, enrolled in a statechild's home in Popayan (Colombia). A sociodemographic survey was applied and parasitological analysis of stool samples was performed by direct examination and by the modified Ritchie-Frick concentration method. Prevalence and frequency distributions were calculated as well as logistic regression of associations of sociodemographic factors with the presence of intestinal parasitism. Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 43.3%. The most frequently species was Blastocystis spp. (24.6%), followed by Entamoeba coli (13.4%) and Giardia instestinalis (11.8%). Helminths were not observed in any of the samples. Conclusions: The identified prevalence of intestinal parasites is close to the national average, according with previous reports for pre-school children in other municipalities in the country. The absence of helminths and the predominance of the protozoan species support the need for future research that allows knowing the local epidemiology. In addition, it was identified that the studied population is continuously exposed to different sociodemographic risk conditions that increase the possibility of acquiring enteroparasitosis

Manifestaciones oftalmológicas de la leishmaniasis: reporte de un caso / Ophthalmologic manifestations of leishmaniasis: a case report

Fundamento: la leishmaniasis es una enfermedad producida por un protozoo del género leishmanias, que se transmite por la picadura del mosquito del género phlebotomus y una mosca del tipo lutzomyia (mosca de arena o sandfly, en inglés) y puede causar enfermedad de la piel y enfermedad sistémica. Se pueden distinguir tres formas: leishmaniasis visceral, leishmaniasis cutánea y leishmaniasis mucocutánea. La forma sistémica puede ser mortal, pero el tratamiento compuestos que contengan antimonio logra una tasa de curación alta. Objetivo: presentar un caso típico de leishmaniasis que desarrolló alteraciones oftalmológicas no comunes en el mismo. Caso clínico: se recogió el antecedente de haber estado en zona endémica de leishmaniasis antes de la presentación clínica. El cuadro clínico, los antecedentes, los exámenes de laboratorio y los cultivos de piel, confirmaron la presencia de una leishmaniasis. Conclusiones: las leishmaniasis son un conjunto de enfermedades de manifestaciones diversas, pero todas ellas tienen efectos devastadores, por ello siempre se debe tener presente esta enfermedad en el diagnóstico diferencial sobre todo en zonas endémicas.

Background: leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoan of the genus leishmanias, transmitted by the bite of the sand fly of the genus phlebotomus and a sand fly of genus Lutzomyia(mosca de arena en español). It can cause skin disease and systemic disease. Three forms can be distinguished clinically: visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Systemic form can be deadly, but treatments that contain antimony achieve a high percent of recovery. Objective: to present a typical case of leishmaniasis that developed uncommon ophthalmic alterations in the disease. Clinical case: it was found out that the person had been in an endemic area of leishmaniasis before having the clinical symptoms. Clinical manifestation, backgrounds, laboratory tests and skin culture confirmed the presence of leishmaniasis. Conclusions: leishmaniasis are a group of diseases of diverse manifestations, however all of them have potentially devastating effects. Consequently, this disease should be always taken into account in differential diagnosis, mainly in endemic areas.

Microbiota infectante de feridas cirúrgicas: análise da produção científica nacional e internacional / Microbiota infeccioso de las heridas quirúrgicas: análisis de la producción científica nacional e internacional / Surgical wounds infective microbiota: national and international analysis of scientific production

Objetivo: Identificar a microbiota de feridas operatórias infectadas descritas em produções científicas. Método: Revisão integrativa realizada em bases de dados: Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Cochrane e SciFinder Scholar. Para a seleção dos artigos foram utilizadas cinco palavras-chaves contempladas nos Descritores em Ciências da Saúde e os operadores booleanos OR e AND. Utilizou-se formulário com informações: identificação dos artigos, objetivo, tipo de estudo e resultados. Resultados: Foram selecionados 56 artigos, publicados entre 1960 e 2013. Os principais microrganismos infectantes foram as bactérias, seguidas pelos fungos. Infecções foram causadas principalmente por: Staphylococcus aureus (39,3%), Escherichia coli (30,4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19,6%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (17,8%), Klesbsiella spp (12,5%) e Enterobacter spp (10,7%). Conclusão: Bactérias Gram-negativas são os mais frequentes microrganismos infectantes de feridas cirúrgicas. Contudo, Staphylococcus aureus é o microrganismo de maior frequência.

Objetivo: Identificar flora microbiana de heridas quirúrgicas infectadas descritas en producción científica. Método: Revisión integradora realizada en las bases de datos: Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe Ciências da Saúde, Medical Literature Análise e Retrieval System on-line, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Cochrane e SciFinder Scholar. La selección se utilizó cinco palabras clave que se contemplan en Ciencias de la Salud y operadores booleanos "OR" y "AND". Utilizó formulario con información: la identificación del papel, propósito, tipo de estudio y resultados. Resultados: 56 documentos fue seleccionado con la publicación entre 1960 y 2013. Principales microorganismos infecciosos era bacterias, seguidos por hongos. Infecciones fueron causadas principalmente por Staphylococcus aureus (39,3%), Escherichia coli (30,4%), Pseudemonas aeruginosa (19,6%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (17,8%), Klesbsiella spp (12,5%), Enterobacter spp (10,7%). Conclusión: bacterias Gram-negativas son microorganismos infecciosos más comunes de heridas quirúrgicas. Staphylococcus aureus es el microorganismo más frecuente.

Objective: to identify the microbial flora of infected surgical wounds described in scientific literature. Method: Integrative review conducted in the following databases: Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Cochrane and SciFinder Scholar. Five keywords from the Health Sciences Descriptors and boolean operators "OR" and "AND" were used for paper selection. It was used a form with the information: article identification, purpose, type of study and results. Results: 56 papers were selected, published between 1960 and 2013. The main infectious microorganisms were bacteria, followed by fungi. Infections were primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus (39.3%), Escherichia coli (30.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.6%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (17.8%) and Klesbsiella spp (12.5%). Conclusion: Gram-negative bacteria are the most common infectious microorganisms from surgical wounds. However, Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequent microorganism.

Enteroparasitismo en Indígenas Terena en el Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil / Intestinal Parasitism in Terena Indigenous People of the Province of MatoGrossodoSul, Brazil

Objetivo Considerando que más de la mitad de la población mundial está infectada por protozoarios y helmintos intestinales, con alta prevalencia en las zonas más pobres, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar la prevalencia de los parasitismos entre indígenas de la etnia Terena, establecidos en el Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Metodología Se examinaron 134 muestras de heces de individuos de la comunidad indígena. Estas se conservaron en solución de Merthiolate-iodo-formol (MIF). Los exámenes de laboratorio fueron realizados por las técnicas de Hoffman, Pons y Janer; Willis y Kinyoun. Resultados Se identificaron infecciones por helmintos nematodos de las especies Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostomidae, Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, y Trichuris trichiura; cestodos de la especie Hymenolepis nana, y Taeniaspp. También por protozoarios de las especies Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli, y Entamoeba histolytica. De las muestras investigadas, 23,1% fueron negativas; de los 76,9 % parasitados hubo diferencia estadísticamente no significativa para el parasitismo en hombres y mujeres examinados, de unoa 33 años de edad, y sobre parasitismo mono específico, o con simultaneidad de especies. Como diversidad parasitaria fueron encontradas siete especies de helmintos nematodos y cestodos, y cinco de protozoarios Archamoebae, flagelados y enterozoários. Conclusiones Los resultados fueron la base para la orientación e intervención adecuada, revelando la necesidad de la implantación de medidas gubernamentales y socioeducativas para mejorar las condiciones de vida de esta comunidad...

Objective Considering that intestinal protozoans and helminths infect more than half of the world population, with high prevalence in the poorest regions, the objective of this study was to conduct parasitological research among indigenous Terena people established in the state of MatoGrosso do Sul. An inquiry was performed to find the incidence of parasitism in these communities. Methodology 134 aliquots of feces from individuals of the indigenous community were examined. Samples were conserved in Merthiolate-iodine-formol solution (MIF). The laboratory exams were carried out using the techniques of Hoffman, Pons and Janer; Willis and Kinyoun. Results We identified infections of nematode helminths of the species Ascarislumbricoides, Ancylostomidae, Enterobiusvermicularis, Strongyloidesstercoralis, and Trichuristrichiura; and cestodes of the species Hymenolepis nana and Taenia spp. Also found were the protozoan species: Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli, and Entamoebahistolytica. 23.1 % of the samples studied were negative. Of the 76.9 % of samples with parasites, there were non-statistically significant differences in parasitism between men and women examined between 1 and 33 years-of-age. There were also no significant differences between monospecific parasitism and with concurrent species. In terms of parasitic diversity, seven species of nematode and cestodeshelminths were found along with five species of Archamoebae protozoa: flagellates and enterozoans. Conclusions These results were the basis for orientation and appropriate drug intervention and reveal the need for the implementation governmental, social and educational measures to improve the living conditions of that community...

Fatores associados à ocorrência de parasitoses intestinais em uma população de crianças e adolescentes / Factors associated with intestinal parasitosis in a population of children and adolescents / Factores asociados a la ocurrencia de parasitosis intestinales en una población de niños y adolescentes

Analisar a prevalência de infecções por parasitos intestinais em crianças e adolescentes matriculados em escolas de ensino fundamental no município de São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, e os fatores associados à infecção. MÉTODOS: Estudo epidemiológico seccional, realizado entre março/2008 e julho/2009. Foram realizados exames coproscópicos por sedimentação espontânea e Kato-Katz em 1.172 escolares. Foram ajustados modelos de regressão logística múltipla para o estudo dos fatores associados às infecções em geral e, separadamente, por helmintos e por protozoários. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de infecções foi de 29%, havendo uma variação de 7 a 83%, respectivamente, entre as escolas de menor e maior ocorrência. A presença de instalação sanitária no domicílio foi associada a uma ocorrência menor de helmintos; o aumento na idade dos escolares associou-se a uma maior ocorrência de protozoários e de parasitos em geral; enquanto a presença de filtro de água e a localização do domicílio em área urbana mostraram-se associadas a uma ocorrência menor dos três desfechos analisados. Em todas as regiões, foi registrado o consumo de medicação preventiva contra helmintos. CONCLUSÕES: Desigualdades nas condições de vida tornaram as prevalências diferenciadas entre as regiões do estudo. O estudo ressalta a necessidade de promover o uso de filtros de água nas residências de áreas endêmicas e de avaliar o consumo preventivo de medicamentos anti-helmínticos na dinâmica e na saúde dos indivíduos. Medidas de controle que levem em conta os fatores descritos devem ser prioritárias em nível de Saúde Pública.

To analyze the prevalence and the factors associated with intestinal parasites infections in children and adolescents enrolled in elementary schools from São João del-Rei, Southeast Brazil. METHODS: In this sectional study, coproscopic examinations were performed by spontaneous sedimentation and Kato-Katz techniques in 1,172 schoolchildren. Multivariate logistic regression models were adjusted for the study of factors associated with infections in general and separately for helminthes and protozoon. RESULTS: The prevalence of infection was 29%, ranging from 7 to 83% between schools of lower and higher occurrence respectively. The presence of toilets in the home was associated with a lower prevalence of helminths; the increasing age of the students was associated with a higher rates of protozoon and parasites in general, while the presence of water filter and living in urban area were associated with a lower prevalence of the three outcomes. In all regions, the consumption of preventive medication against helminths was recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Inequalities in living conditions have changed the prevalence of parasitosis differently among the study regions. The study underscores the need to promote the use of water filters in endemic areas houses and to evaluate the preventive use of anti-helminthic drugs in the dynamic of individual health. Control measures that take into account the factors described should be a priority.

Analizar la prevalencia de infecciones por parasitas intestinales en niños y adolescentes matriculados en escuelas de enseñanza primaria en el municipio de São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais (Brasil), y los factores asociados a la infección. MÉTODOS: Estudio epidemiológico seccional, realizado entre marzo/2008 y julio/2009. Se realizaron exámenes coproscópicos por sedimentación espontánea y Kato-Katz en 1.172 escolares. Se ajustaron modelos de regresión logística múltiple para el estudio de los factores asociados a las infecciones en general y, separadamente, por helmintos y protozoos. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de infecciones fue de 29%, habiendo una variación de 7 a 83%, respectivamente, entre las escuelas de menor y mayor ocurrencia. La presencia de instalación sanitaria en el domicilio fue asociada a una ocurrencia menor de helmintos; el aumento en la edad de los escolares se asoció a una mayor ocurrencia de protozoos y de parasitas en general; mientras que la presencia de filtro de agua y la ubicación del domicilio en área urbana se mostraron asociadas a una ocurrencia menor de los tres desenlaces analizados. En todas las regiones, se registró el consumo de medicación preventiva contra helmintos. CONCLUSIONES: Desigualdades en las condiciones de vida convirtieron las prevalencias diferenciadas entre las regiones del estudio. El estudio subraya la necesidad de promover el uso de filtros de agua en las residencias de áreas epidémicas y de evaluar el consumo preventivo de medicamentos anti-helmínticos en la dinámica de las infecciones y en la salud de los individuos. Medidas de control que tengan en cuenta los factores descritos deben ser prioritarias en nivel de Salud Pública.

Hallazgo de Lophomonas sp. en secreciones del tracto respiratorio de niños hospitalizados con enfermedad pulmonar grave / Lophomonas sp. in respiratory tract secretions in hospitalized children with severe lung disease

Lophomonas sp. es un parásito habitual del tracto intestinal de las cucarachas y que no es reconocido como patógeno humano. Sin embargo, en la literatura mundial existen escasos reportes de Lophomonas sp. en secreciones del tracto respiratorio en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar grave, principalmente en adultos. Presentamos evidencias de Lophomonas sp. en el tracto respiratorio inferior de niños atendidos en el centro de referencia nacional de enfermedades pediátricas de Lima, Perú, en el periodo 2009-2010. Se encontró seis casos, 4/23 provenientes de muestras de lavado broncoalveolar y 2/794 muestras de aspirado traqueal de niños. Cinco de ellos tuvieron neumonía y uno atelectasia, cuatro estuvieron en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Es necesario conocer más sobre la presencia de este organismo en infecciones respiratorias así como su rol patogénico real.

Lophomonas sp. is a habitual parasite of the intestinal tract of the cockroaches and that is not recognized as pathogenic human being. Nevertheless, in the world literature are few reports of Lophomonas sp. in respiratory tract secretions in patients with severe pulmonary disease, mostly in adults. We present evidences of Lophomonas sp. in the respiratory low tract of children attended in the national reference center of paediatric diseases of Lima, Peru, in the period 2009- 2010. We found six cases, 4/23 from broncoalveolar lavage and 2/794 from tracheal aspirate samples of children. Five of them had pneumonia and one atelectasis, four were hospitalized in the intensive care unit. Increase knowledge about the presence of this organism in respiratory infections is needed, as its real pathogenic role.